The electrolytic system of claim 1, wherein each of the oligomers is positively charged.ġ6. The electrolytic system of claim 1, wherein each of the oligomers comprises 2, 3, or 4 of the base units.ġ5.
The electrolytic system of claim 1, wherein the gas-diffusion membrane has: a porosity characterized by pores having a characteristic pore size selected from the range of 10 nm to 2 μm and a thickness selected from the range of 20 nm to 500 μm.ġ3. The electrolytic system of claim 1, wherein the gas-diffusion membrane comprises a fluorocarbon polymer.ġ0. The electrolytic system of claim 1, wherein gas-diffusion membrane is hydrophobic.ĩ. The electrolytic system of claim 1, wherein the electrically conductive catalyst comprises Cu.Ĩ. The electrolytic system of claim 1 being configured such that: CO 2 gas is provided to the first gas volume the CO 2 gas penetrates the first side of the gas-diffusion membrane and diffuses through the gas-diffusion membrane to the electrocatalyst layer the CO 2 gas is reduced at the electrocatalyst layer to produce at least one product gas, the at least one product gas having a composition comprising at least two carbon atoms (C ≥2) the at least one product gas diffuses through the gas-diffusion membrane and out of the first side of the gas-diffusion membrane.ħ. The electrolytic system of claim 1 comprising a first gas volume adjacent to the first side of the porous gas-diffusion membrane wherein the first gas volume is in operable contact with the gas-diffusion membrane such that CO 2 from the first gas volume can penetrate into the first side of the gas-diffusion membrane and such that a product gas can enter the first gas volume from the gas-diffusion membrane.ĥ.
The electrolytic system of claim 1, wherein the first electrolyte is characterized by a pH selected from the range of 6 to 14.Ĥ. The electrolytic system of claim 1, comprising a first electrolyte in physical contact and in ionic communication with at least a portion of the anode wherein the anion exchange membrane physically separates the first electrolyte from the cathode.ģ. An electrolytic system for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, the system comprising: an anode a cathode in electrical communication with the anode, the cathode comprising: a first current collector a porous gas-diffusion membrane having a first side and a second side wherein the porous gas-diffusion membrane is permeable to CO 2 an electrocatalyst layer adjacent to the second side of the gas-diffusion membrane and in electrical communication with the first current collector the electrocatalyst layer comprising: an electrically conductive catalyst and a selectivity-determining organic material attached to at least a portion of the electrically conductive catalyst wherein: the organic material is formed of a plurality of oligomers each oligomer comprises a plurality of covalently bonded base units each base unit comprises at least one heterocyclic group having at least one nitrogen in its ring structure and an anion exchange membrane adjacent to the electrocatalyst layer and positioned between the anode and the cathode wherein anion exchange membrane is characterized by anion conductivity and the cathode is in ionic communication with the anode via the anion exchange membrane.Ģ.
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